Why Mental Illness Has Changed American Views On Mental...

Mental illness has continually been part of life in the United States, albeit a part of American life that is not often discussed. Insane asylums for housing the mentally ill developed later during colonial America. New scientific ideas and the continuing influence of the Enlightenment led to further usage of insane asylums, where a widely-used architectural style developed. Commonly known as Kirkbride or linear plan asylums, these asylums were popular in the mid-nineteenth century, and were massive, intimidating structures built to impress visitors while providing care to the mentally ill housed inside. This actual style was predominant from the 1850s to just after the Civil War and their creation and fall from popularity changed†¦show more content†¦This thesis will bridge the gap between these two theories. It will also address the theoretical division in the historiography. The architecture of Kirkbride asylums suggests that there was a dual purpose in the creation of th ese massive, imposing buildings; they were created to treat the mentally ill, but the idealistic writings of superintendents of this period did not reflect the true reality of asylum life, and thus control played a large aspect in the building and workings of insane asylums in mid-nineteenth century America. There have been scholarly works published about both Kirkbride asylums and insane asylums in the United States in general. Dr. Henry M. Hurd, a Superintendent at John Hopkins Hospital, wrote a four-volume book called The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada in 1916, which was one of the first comprehensive scholarly works on mental hospitals in the United States. His view is important, as he admonished the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), a group of superintendents over insane asylums, to change its name and focus, as it had changed since Kirkbride’s time. He gave histories of these ment al hospitals, and his figures are used through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Another earlier source on this subject is Margaret McCulloch’s â€Å"Founding the North Carolina Asylum for the Insane.† Her article focused on North Carolina and

Regulatory issues and post-acquisition issues in acquisition-

Essays on Regulatory issues and post-acquisition issues in acquisition- AstraZeneca and Shire Essay REGULATORY ISSUES THAT MAY IMPACT THE ACQUISITION AND STEPS TO MINIMISE THE IMPACT OF REGULATORY ISSUES AstraZeneca would also face regulatory issueswhile acquiring Shire. After acquisition, AstraZeneca would have more than 30% of the voting rights and, therefore, AstraZeneca would also have to make cash offer to Shire at the highest price paid by any offeror in the last 12 months (Freshfields Bruckhas Deringer, 2006). So, according to this situation, rule 9 will be applied to AstraZeneca. The background of this rule is that as shareholders have bought shares of a company having different management and different objectives; according to Panel, the firm might not remain as attractive to the shareholders as it was previously because of the changes in management and changes in objectives. Therefore, AstraZeneca should try to involve people that were previously in the management of Shire after acquisition and try to have if not all, then some of the most important objectives of the previous firm so that the impact of this issue can be minimised and the firm would remain attractive for the shareholders of the company. The other regulatory issue that AstraZeneca could face is from The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) to protect the consumer and competitors. OFT is a not for profit organisation which enforces the competition law, as well as the consumer protection law in United Kingdom. If after acquisition, the market share of the firm increases to 25% or more then OFT, being the United Kingdom’s economic regulator would intervene and stop the acquisition. If AstraZeneca acquires Shire, then the new market share of AstraZeneca would not be more than 25% as there are still several other competitors in the market and the market is saturated rather than dominated by few firms. Therefore, OFT show allow AstraZeneca to go ahead with the acquisition. key post-acquisition issues Integration approach: Integration approach is one of the most important factors that influence the success and failure of mergers and acquisition; therefore, it is important for the management to select the right integration approach to make the acquisition successful. If appropriate integration approach is selected, it can be fruitful for the acquisition, however, if proper integration approach is not selected, it could lead to failure and conflict. There are two important central dimensions that are to be understood for a better integration approach; need for organisational autonomy and need for strategic interdependence. Considering these two dimensions there are four integration approaches that firms could use: 1. Preservation: there are only few changes to the acquirer firm. 2. Holdings: autonomy is allowed by the acquiring company only to a little extent; however, the target company is not integrated into the acquiring company. 3. Symbiotic: the target company is integrated to the acquiring firm with the intention to achieve synergies. Although it is the most difficult to implement, it could have great returns if implemented properly. 4. Absorption approach: the target company is completely absorbed by the acquiring company. Integration approach to be used by AstraZeneca AstraZeneca should use the absorption approach as this is the most appropriate approach used by firms when they are going for horizontal integration, i.e. acquiring a competitor or another firm that operates at the same level of value chain. Using absorption approach, AstraZeneca would be able to maximise potential of the acquisition and make the most of the resources that both firms can share. However, if AstraZeneca had acquired another firm offering different kinds of services, the company should have used the preservation approach. Also the other advantage to use absorption approach is that the speed of absorption integration approach is fast and therefore there would not be too many delays from acquisition. It would be beneficial for the company to get into rhythm as quickly as possible so that everyone could focus on achieving long term goals that has been set after the acquisitions. Factors influencing the success of Post-acquisition success and Recommendations to overcome the critical factors There can be several factors that could influence the success of Post-acquisition of the company and some of the most important factors have been discussed below: Integration management Acquisition would mean integration of two companies, two organisations having different cultures, different kinds of leaders, different leadership styles, different management approaches and having different organisational structures, therefore, it is important for the acquiring firm to make sure that they appoint an integration manager because integration increases the workload of the managers and hiring an integration manager can increase the chances of successful acquisition and allow the managers to successfully complete their tasks. Communication Communication is one of the important factors that would play a critical part in the success of acquisition; according to the annual report (2010), there has been an increase in the senior leader communication level in comparison to previous year (AstraZeneca, 2010). It is important for the management to communicate the vision, mission and objectives after the acquisition so that employees know what is expected from them and where the firm would be in future. Understanding where the synergies lie The firm should understand and know the areas where they can gain the most benefits and where the synergies lie so that the firm is able to make the most of the acquisition. As AstraZeneca have always focused on creating highest value (AstraZeneca, 2010), identifying areas where synergies lie would help the company to further enhance the overall value of the organisation. Make people priority AstraZeneca has always focused on retaining and acquiring the best talent for the company (AstraZeneca, 2010) and, therefore, it is important for the management to prioritise human resource of the firm in order to retain the human resource of both the firms. It has been found that management is too busy in legal aspect and documentation after acquisition. However, one important factor that has been overlooked after acquisition is to prioritise human resource of the organisation (Leis, 2000) Employees would have the fear of losing job and, therefore, it is recommended that management reduces the job fear from their mind so that they could again be productive which would be helpful for the success of the acquisition. Consider acquisition as a continual process rather than an event In order to make the acquisition successful, it is important that the management considers the process of acquisition as a continuous process and it would take some time for the company to achieve its optimal level after acquisition. It is important for the management to not become impatient and considers the acquisition process as an event because as another company has been acquired, therefore, it would take some time for everyone to get familiarised with the changes. Important decisions to be taken swiftly Certain decisions are to be taken swiftly and delaying these decisions could bring uncertainty after the acquisition, therefore, the management should be prompt in making their decisions. MANAGING OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES In order to ensure that the acquired firm is able to get absorbed in the appropriate manner, the management should integrate the operations of both the companies. Operational strategy of the firm should be prepared keeping the strengths and weaknesses of the new resources that the firm has to have higher productivity. AstraZeneca has always focused on streamlining its operations and to reduce costs (AstraZeneca, 2010), therefore, the firm would be able to appropriately restructure the operations to maximise profitability. As two firms would have different cultures, it is important to integrate the cultures and ensure that a better and positive organisational culture is formed. HUMAN RESOURCE CHALLENGES One of the challenges that the firm faces after acquisition is regarding managing of human resource. Human resource is the most important asset of the organisation and the success of any organisation depends on how the firm makes use of its human resource. Some of the challenges related to human resource faced by AstraZeneca are discussed below: Incentives and Rewards Incentives and rewards should be given to employees so that their motivation level increases and they are ready for a fresh start to make the acquisition successful. AstraZeneca ensures that they motivate its employees by providing different monetary, as well as non-monetary benefits (AstraZeneca, 2010); therefore, after acquisition considering the history of the company, the management of AstraZeneca would offer attractive incentives and rewards for its employees. Ensuring job security The company has always emphasised on retaining the best talent for the organisation (AstraZeneca, 2010) and after acquisition the position of some employees might be overlapped; therefore, it is important for the management to give the employees job security. Dismissing employee would leave a fear in the minds of others as well; therefore, it is preferable to not dismiss any employee. To have the optimum level of productivity, the organisation must give employees job security and even few words from the CEO of the organisation would do the job in improving the motivation level of employees. Employee counselling Because some employees might be loyal to their previous organisation and to make them productive with the new organisation, the management should do counselling of employees and explain them that the acquisition is in favour of the employees, as well as the organisation, and everyone would be benefitted by acquisition (DiGeorgio, 2002). recommendations on how AstraZeneca Plc should proceed AstraZeneca should consider different aspects before acquiring the firm. However, once the firm has been acquired, AstraZeneca needs to plan short term, as well as long term, goals and then continuously monitor the goals achieved so that they can track how successful the acquisition has been. Also AstraZeneca should make sure that they provide job security to employees so that their motivation level increases, as well as communicate the vision, mission and objectives of the organisation so that everyone knows what the organisation would like to achieve in future. References AstraZeneca, 2010. How Does Health Connect Us All, Annual Report. [Online] Available at http://www.astrazeneca-annualreports.com/AZ_AR_100311_single.pdf [Accessed 29 February 2012] DiGeorgio, R., 2002. Making mergers and acquisitions work: What we know and don’t know - Part II, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 259–274. Freshfields Bruckhas Deringer, 2006. The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers. [Online] Available at http://www.freshfields.com/publications/pdfs/2006/15139.pdf [Accessed 26 February 2012] Leis, D., 2000. Mergers and Acquisitions – Strategies for Managing Change. [Online] Available at http://www.avanttconsulting.com/articles/cmn.pdf [Accessed 26 February 2012]

Summary of Story of an Hour free essay sample

Audience Analaysis I am writing this paper to be reviewed by my fellow peers and my English 111 Instructor. The paper would not be very interesting if read by anyone that has not read â€Å"The Story of an Hour. ’ The audience that I am targeting is for those that would like to know the purpose of the short story, â€Å" The Story of an Hour†, written by Kate Chopin. I believe the story to not be intended for s specific age or gender, but I would have to say that women would be more prone to understanding and sympathizing with the story. I expect the reader to understand the story deals with the pro’s and cons of marriage. I was able to understand the story due to my experiences in marriage, the up and downs that go along with it. I can relate to the feeling of relief when something that is not making you happy suddenly disappears, how extremely happy you can be, but when the good news turns in to being devastating news, how it can turn your world upside down, that it could cause you to have health problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Story of an Hour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Story of an Hour Author Kate Chopin, grabs her audience’s attention in this short story by introducing the main character, Mrs. Mallard; a woman with â€Å"heart trouble. (Chopin 527) who must be gently told the news of her husband’s untimely death in a railroad accident. The opening marks a sad scene with Josephine, her sister breaking the difficulty news to her in â€Å"broken sentences. † (Chopin 527) Mrs. Mallard’s reaction, â€Å"wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment in her sisters arms† (Chopin 527) may be unlike most wives reaction to horrifying, unexpected news. Seemingly grief stricken, Mrs. Mallard retreats to her room in solitude. She drops her heavy body into a comfortable chair contemplating her feelings of the past, present, and future. Mrs. Mallard struggles with mostly internal conflicts with regards to her true feelings of the recent death of Brently her husband. One example, being when she repeatedly whispers from her lips â€Å"Free! Body and soul Free! † (Chopin 528) Her sister begs her to come out of the room â€Å"Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door—you will make yourself ill. † (Chopin 528) She orders her to go away but within a good length of time reveals her strong self and accept Josephine’s comfort. Suddenly, a man comes through the front door. It is her husband, Brently, alive and well. To everyone’s surprise it was, and especially to his wife. She dies there of what the doctors say was â€Å"heart disease—a joy that kills. † (Chopin 529) Once Mrs. Mallard hears of her spouse death, her behavior and internal feelings may or may not be questionable to the reader. I believe Chopin wants us to see the main character’s internal emotional struggle. This keeps us wanting to know more about what life was like with Brently Mallard. Was she really sorrowful about his death? â€Å"And yet she had loved him—sometimes. † (Chopin 528) Was she truly a happy person, heart and soul? She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines be spoke repression and even a certain strength. † (Chopin 527) t times she is overcome by a mixture of emotions such as sadness, quiet, and yes even joy. â€Å"She did not stop to ask if it were not a monstrous joy that held her. † (Chopin 528) Mrs. Mallard finally settles in the belief and thought of being on her own now. â€Å"She would live for herself. † (Chopin 528) After reading â€Å"The Story of an Hour’, I realize that the man character is a lonely woman when it comes to her emotions. The whole story reminds me of what a woman goes through when she is controlled by her spouse. Mrs. Mallard doesn’t even have a first name in the story, only her descriptive emotions that she holds deep inside. Through out this story the author uses symbolism. For example, â€Å"there were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds. † (Chopin 527) I think the clouds represent disparity and the blue parts of the sky meant hope for her. The big open window is her life’s picture window! She sees â€Å"new spring life† (Chopin 527) and takes in a â€Å"delicious breath of rain.

Outline of Law Enforcement Essay Sample free essay sample

Every society has regulations to travel by and Torahs that must non be broken and along with that is the condemnable justness that even gives the condemnable rights. Criminals in the United States are to be given their rights and non to hold injury to them in any manner under the justness system as they may be freed from their prosecution and their instance be acquitted if found in their favour if an act of unfair or immoral behavior has been found. Law enforcement professionals must put to death justness by continuing the jurisprudence in an ethical and constitutional mode. â€Å"The United States Department of Justice seeks to forestall or decide community struggles and tensenesss originating from actions. policies. and patterns perceived to be prejudiced on the footing of race. colour. or national beginning ( CRS National Office ) . † Every officer must follow and obey the jurisprudence in and out of vested uniform. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of Law Enforcement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Fundamental law of the United States are most relevant to the ethical criterions of jurisprudence enforcement professionals by the prohibitions against warrantless hunt and ictus are parts of the United States Constitution which are relevant to the ethical criterions of jurisprudence enforcement. Law enforcement professionals guarantee that they uphold the Fundamental law by following Law Enforcement Oath of Honor this is recommended as by the International Association of Chiefs of Police as symbolic statement of committedness to ethical behaviour: â€Å"On my award. I will neer bewray my badge. my unity. my character. or the public trust. I will ever hold the bravery to keep myself and others accountable for our actions. I will ever continue the fundamental law to my community and the bureau I serve. † ( The jurisprudence enforcement codification of moralss ) Law enforcement professionals use the societal justness rules of equality. solidarity. and human rights to construct a more merely society by it advocates as it is based on the rules of solidarity and equality and understands the values of every human right. Law Enforcement seek to decrease the likeliness that officers will yield to corruptness by administrating psychological trials designed to find which officer s have the personality that would do them more likely to be susceptible to corruptness Martin. R. ( 2011. May ) . There are many theories as why people commit offenses. Many believe that there is small uncertainty that some commit a offense such as larceny out of despair. particularly when nutrient is stolen as there are excessively many plans to assist the hapless such as nutrient cast plans and nutrient larders. Organized packs attract the attending by stealing in order and cost shops 1000000s of dollars each twelvemonth. Demonology is the oldest known account of behaviour as it used to be thought that condemnable behaviour was the consequence of the head and organic structure being possessed and the lone manner to free the immorality was through dispossession by a agonizing agencies. This is back when they didn’t concentrate on the environment and merely focused on the person. Cesare Lombroso an Italian criminologist in 1876 promoted the theory of ‘anthropological determinism’ that basically stated that criminalism was inherited and that person was a â€Å"born criminal† and they identified them by physical defects ( Lo mbroso. 1876 ) . Siegmund Freud had a different position on what makes a condemnable as Freud proposed that a an overdeveloped superego was the resulted from an inordinate sense of guilt. As he believed that a individuals with overdeveloped superegos will experience guilty for no evident ground and wish to be punished in order to alleviate their guilt. â€Å" Freud besides identified the â€Å"pleasure principle† ; that worlds have basic unconscious biological impulses and a desire for immediate satisfaction and satisfaction ( Freud. 1856 ) † . This includes desires for sex. nutrient. and the demand for endurance. Harmonizing to Albert Bandura’s theory. delinquent and condemnable behaviour is learned through repeated exposure to back up the behaviour. On the other manus. Bandura believes behaviour that has received no support or negative feedbacks are non learned and will non repeat. Bandura believes that people decide whether or non to follow what behavior’s they observe ( Bandura. 1977 ) . There is a common perceptual experience that a felon is has suffered a disadvantaged childhood. or is from a broken place and lacks a good instruction etc. but this is non true fact as there is all sorts that go astray and for no evident ground. As person may hold a good life and has made it large and all of a sudden that is non good plenty for them and they decide that defalcating 1000000s from their company they work for is a good ideal for unknown grounds. Law enforcement professionals use condemnable theory to understand condemnable actions as Sutherland’s major sociological part to criminology was a differential association theory as it was similar to the importance to the strain theory and societal control theory. The individual’s societal relationship explains the aberrance of these theories. Both biological and classical theories. poses no obvious menaces to the humane intervention of those identified as felons. † ( Gaylord. 1988:1 ) In the 1939 edition of Principles of Criminology. the first statement of the theory of differential association appears and in the 4th edition as he presents his concluding theory. As follows his theory has 9 basic posits. 1. Condemnable behaviour is learned. Condemnable behaviour is non inherited and does non invent condemnable behaviour. 2. Condemnable behaviour is learned through interactions with other people. This is verbal communicating but includes gestures as good. 3. The intimate personal groups are the chief portion of the acquisition of condemnable. This opposes that the impersonal communicating. such as newspapers or films do non play a of import portion in perpetrating condemnable behaviour. 4. As condemnable behaviour is learned. the acquisition includes ( a ) a specific way of motivations. thrusts. and attitudes. ( B ) Different techniques of perpetrating a offense. which are sometimes really simple. 5. Favorable or unfavourable legal codification definitions are learned as a specific way of the motivations and thrusts. Culture struggle in relation to the legal codification exists and is normally found in US. 6. Because of an surplus of definitions favourable to misdemeanor of jurisprudence over definitions unfavourable to misdemeanor of jurisprudence a individual becomes delinquent. When people become felons. they do so because of isolation from anti-criminal forms and because of contacts with condemnable forms. This has little or no consequence on the generation of condemnable behaviour. 7. Differential association may change in precedence. continuance. frequence. and strength. 8. Condemnable and anti-criminal form that involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning procedure of larning the condemnable behaviour by association. Criminal behaviour is non restricted to the procedure of imitation as a individual that is seduced. for illustration. learns condemnable behaviour by association. but this normally would non be described as imitation. 9. Condemnable behaviour is an look of values and general demands. but since non-criminal behaviour is an look of the same demands and values it is non explained by those general demands and values. Thiefs steal in order to hold money. but an honest labourer work for their money. . Even thou they are similar which is necessary for any behaviour. but does non distinguish noncriminal behaviour from condemnable behaviour. ( Sutherland. 1974: 75-76 ) The three chief issues that jurisprudence enforcement professionals face on a regular footing are unsafe state of affairss. emotional injury. and physical issues on a regular footing. Law Enforcement harmonizing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics has one of the highest rates of job-related hurt among all businesss. In add-on to all of the physical issues. jurisprudence enforcement officers go through a great trade of emotional injury due to they routinely witness force and decease. Law enforcement officers are ever faced with jobs as covering with the extremists. They must ever do certain that they neer infringe on the First Amendment rights of any individual. Although at the same clip. they must be able to acknowledge people who have utmost positions that are sometimes motivated by those positions to perpetrate condemnable Acts of the Apostless of offense. Law enforcement officers non merely must they protect the community from condemnable activity. but they must take safeguard in protecting themselves. because officers are frequently the marks of radical felons. Law enforcement officers need to be able to acknowledge when they are in potentially unsafe state of affairss affecting extremists and should be cognizant how to cover with each state of affairss or at least extricate themselves from each state of affairs. Law enforcement officers are to continue their curse to â€Å"protect and function. † but they must be able to protect themselves in any state of affairs every bit good. Mentions: Martin. R. ( 2011. May ) . Police Corruptness: An analytical expression into constabulary moralss. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Federal Bureau of Investigation. gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/may_2011/law_enforcement_professionalism Sutherland. ( 1974 ) . Criminology. J. B. Lippincott Company Sutherland. ( 1961 ) . White-collar offense. Holt. Rinehart and Winston. Inc Sutherland. ( 1937 ) . The professional stealer. The university of Chicago. Gaylord. Mark S and John F. Galliher. ( 1988 ) . The criminology of Edwin Sutherland. Transaction. Inc